Mall Culture Essay

Gone are the days when people had to buy different things from different places. People would visit local Kirana stores for purchasing daily-required household materials, and go to some other local markets for buying clothes. Shopping was never as convenient for people as it is now. The shopper gets the experience of one stop shop. From apparels to FMCG goods, the consumer gets leisure time visiting malls. Each store offers an individual a wide variety be it for choosing a stationery pen or a laptop. One of the reasons for the existence of mall culture is globalization. Products and brands from various places, cultures and communities are under one roof. One of the central features of conventional shopping areas and stores has been their uni-dimentionality. Local festivals and events are given special importance within the mall world. Festivals often become the occasion of greater consumption and are also reflected in the fashion trends of the season. The globalization of cultureof immense economic activity, though at some expense to the environment. A large mall situated along a narrow road in Gurgaon or Noida is a host to queues of vehicles. Queues that line up several kilometres causing huge deficiency to nation already starved for diesel and petrol. Please check the smog that results from fumes emitted from exhaust tubes of these vehicles. Electricity distributers never have enough to supply to the shopping malls. So they need to burn on an average of 5000-7000 litres of diesel per day to stay in operational mode. Quite a huge volume! This can light up an apartment complex for a month. Now the food courts where you relish your favourite food generates 2-3 tonnes of toxic waste every day. The landfills are helpless. Look where the polystyrene cups and plates that you use go every day. And the poor washroom in a mall that has to take a load of ten thousand visitors every day. You are aware that 50% people never wash their hands after peeing. Then they†¦

By the Way and Mother

It is often said that life is about dreaming, and hoping and learning. As a child, I dreamed of only one thing – to be successful in everything- to be successful in everything I do to make everyone proud of me, especially my mother. But later I realized that I, just like most children, do not have to do anything to win my mother’s heart. Back in 70’s my father was diagnosed with lung cancer resulting in a very difficult, prolonged treatment that did not save him, after all.This was a cruel blow to our family, especially to my mother who has understandably at a loss, left with nine children to raise all by herself. She was young at 39 when she was widowed but she never entertained the thought of marrying again because she wanted to give her children her undivided attention. Now we are professionals in our own field but we know we can never repay our mother’s for all that she has done for us to be where we are now.Words will never be enough to honor a hero l ike my mother whose silent, endearing ways have given us the best of life, peace, joy, love and the security of knowing that even if we should fall in any way at any time again and again, she would always be by our side to be what she has always been to us- our certainty is the most uncertain times; the true hero who knows how to live her life to the fullest by doing the supreme sacrifice of living for her children. Even now at 68, she still amazes me by the way she manages the great and minute details of motherhood.Whenever I feel some doubts about my worth before God, I only have to think of how worthy I am to my mother according to the way she accepts me even if I had done something wrong. Yes, through my mother I know there is God. Thank you mama- for being all too human. You have led us to discovering that which is divine! And as a true hero you have freed us from the tyranny of ignorance by educating us beyond the corners of a formal school, for even in the comfort in our home you have always served as the light of our lives.

Macro-Economic Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Macro-Economic Issues - Essay Example The impact would stem around profitability, efficiency, risks and leverage. At first a brief overview of the UK economy for FY 10, 11, 12 would be given and would then be followed by the effects on Imperial tobacco. Then a speculation would be made as to how Imperial tobacco would respond to these macroeconomic changes based on strategy and corporate objectives of Imperial tobacco. The growth of the UK economy seems sluggish in the aftermath of the financial crisis. The crisis had hit the UK from both eastern and western borders. This includes the housing market crash of US and the Euro Zone Debt crisis. Between 2008 and 2010, the GDP growth rate has been negative (Trading Economics, 2012) and the rate after 2010, although positive, has not been satisfactory. There is also a fear of double dip recession since the second quarter of FY 12 has experienced a GDP growth rate of -0.2 % (BBC News, 2012), the production sector has also experienced a decline of 1.4% , followed by a fall in co nstruction output of 0.5 % and compensation of employees by 0.3%. Now coming to the fiscal statistics, the National debt to GDP ratio stands at 80 %, the budget deficit has been reduced and increased VAT yield show signs of fiscal tightening. Interest rates are an all time low and despite of this bank lending to small businesses is falling. Low interest rates and increasing current account deficits are also putting pressure on the British Pound. A falling pound would hurt distributors country wide since import costs would rise as they would have to pay more in terms of the domestic currency. Unemployment hovers around 8.4 % and no signs of improvement are expected. Consumer confidence shows no signs of improvement despite yearly increases in current expenditure (The Economist, 2012). In addition to, UK has seen some major structural changes over the years, of which the most notable is the ageing population. Ageing population refers to a rise in the average age of the population of a country over time. So it is unlikely that the market for UK would continue to grow. In addition to, this has the impact of increasing wage levels across the economy as Labor supply reduces in the long run. Apart from these macroeconomic issues, the tobacco industry has been subjected to severe regulatory policies around the world which include: Increased duties year on year Ban on cigarette advertising Ban on smoking in public places Allegations of illicit trade Plans to introduce plain packaging All these regulations tend to have a negative impact on tobacco industry, with the exception of the levying of excise duties which would be discussed later on. Imperial tobacco seems to be quite resistant to macroeconomic changes. The risks that currently pose threat to Imperial tobacco plc are interest rate risks and exchange rate risks. Interest rate risks accommodate the financing and profitability of the company since Imperial Group plc has a high Debt to Equity ratio and raises a larg e amount of capital from debt capital and Bank loan markets. Now if the bank fail to meet their obligations of refinancing the debt then it would definitely limit the ability to capitalize on global opportunities and mitigate threats. Movement in interest rates can also affect the credit rating of Imperial tobacco and reduce its profitability because of increased finance costs.To reduce these risks Imperial employs various hedging strategies and has invested some of

GBH liability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

GBH liability - Essay Example Section 42 of the OAPA 1861 affirmed that an attack is committed in the case of unlawful violence or violence committed to another person. This statement was revised by the CIA in 1988. The action of violence was clearly stated and under which circumstance this section was relevant. Violence committed to a person under unlawful means is a crime as this will endanger the life of the victim.Sarah’s consent to sexual intercourseDespite Sarah’s approval to sexual relations, she was unaware of Richard’s HIV status. She did not consent to be infected with the HIV. Richard committed offense as he consciously transmitted the HIV to Sarah. This was with the knowledge that it would result to a life threatening condition to Sarah.  Ã‚   According to this case in matters pertaining R v Clarence and R v Dica, while it is appropriate in terms of sexual consent, it does not address the matter of acceptance to the endangerment of grievous body impairment. This may be as a resu lt of sexual relations by modes of sexually transmitted infections.. In both cases, the defendants did not inform their partners that they had the HIV. The partners also were ignorant of the status of their sexual partners. Sarah was ignorant of Richard’s sexual transmitted disease condition. Sarah consented to sexual intercourse, but she did not consent to the risk of the viral infection. For a sexual partner’s consent to the dangers of contracting the HIV to be valid; the approval of the other partner ought to be an informed consent (Card et al, 2012). Hair cutting issue Sarah was not happy that Richard cut her hair; she opted to remain quiet on this topic. She weighted her love emotions for Richard and remained silent. Sarah did not consent to her hair being cut; this is regarded as actual body harm to Sarah.

Group Decisions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Group Decisions - Essay Example esses develop the group essence in methods that are efficient in psychological ways, based on social reality that group members experience, and posses the ability of social impact in the society. Formal decision making processes are applied in the workplace; for instance, consensus decision making and voting based decision making. Consensus decision making strives at avoiding losers or winners (Janis, 2002). Consensus illustrate that majority group members approve a specific decision, but the majority should accept to adhere to the decision. Voting based decision making provides each group member with a score. The decision approach with the highest allocated score is chosen. Decision making is at times viewed individually as process and also outcome. Processes entail group members’ interactions; for example, coalitions of participants, influence or persuasion. A method of this decision approach is the subcommittee. Subcommittee entails giving responsibility of analyzing a decision, to the sub set of the bigger group. Subcommittees are mostly common in big governance groups, like the legislature (Janis, 2002). Decisions Support Systems (DSS) are information technology systems that assist group members in coming up with appropriate decisions. These systems greatly minimize human errors in the decision making process. DSS is significant during decision making on large projects like; technological innovation, complex engineering, and foreign market entry (Janis, 2002). Groups which very cohesive experience high influence of members in the decision are making process. Group cohesion illustrates a thorough study of how groups affect decision making capabilities of their members. The high influence in cohesive groups is because members need the belonging effect; hence. They own decisions

Causes of the Civil War Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Causes of the Civil War - Research Paper Example These came to be known as the Confederate states, all of whose members were slave-owning states. Barbara Fields, however, disagrees with this assumption stating that, the United States made war on the Confederates not because of the slavery abolition, but because it wanted to preserve the Union (Rios). The Emancipation of all the slaves in the Union was simply an excuse made to start the war that would force the southern states back into the Union. According to Fields, the northern states only declared war on the Confederate states because they not only wanted to preserve the Union, but also to ensure that they did not have a powerful rival. In essence, the northern states wanted to retain their advantage as the leading states in the Union by enforcing their dominance. This situation led to the coming to prominence of two men, whose views on slavery were entirely opposite of one another. The first is Abraham Lincoln was among the biggest proponents of the eradication of slavery in al l the states within the Union as well as the preservation of the latter (Pinsker 59). The other is Jefferson Davis, who was a principal proponent of the institution of slavery and believed that it was a necessary part of the southern economy. While many in the non-slaveholding north supported the declaration, many in the south viewed it as the federal government’s attempt to interfere with their internal affairs. According to Shelby Foote, among the most prominent advocates of this viewpoint was none other than Jefferson Davis, who was a staunch believer in the right of all the states within the union to make their own decision without interference. He believed that all the states in the union had joined it voluntarily, and this gave them the independence to decide what was and what was not best for them. If the federal government were to keep interfering in the domestic dealings of the states, then these states would inevitably lose their sovereignty, defeating the purpose o f the formation of the union (Dawson 592). He is noted to have stated that since all states had joined the union of their own free will, they also had the right to leave it if they felt that their interests were not being represented in a manner to their liking. Furthermore, Davis believed that the decision to end slavery lay with the individual states themselves, and not with the federal government. It is extremely likely that it was because of this stance that when the southern states chose to leave the union, they chose him to be their leader. His vision was to maintain slavery in the Confederate states and to expand this institution south into Mexico as this new slave owning federation grew (Norton et al 384). According to Foote, therefore, the American Civil war did not take place because of the need for the southern states to retain slavery, but for them to be able to determine their own destiny without any interference from the northern states, which dominated the United Stat es at the time (Bolin 38). Many southerners at the time felt that the northern states wanted to enforce their will upon them so that they would remain a backwater and this is the reason why they chose to break from the Union. In the matter if abolition, however, many have come to believe the reasons for Lincoln going to war, who stated that maintaining slavery in the United States would be a

Does the efficient market theory apply on the forex market Fundamental Literature review

Does the efficient market theory apply on the forex market Fundamental analysis Vs. Technical analysis - Literature review Example In the international trade, the buyer or seller of the products wants to have payment in his home currency. This needs an exchange of currencies from that of a seller to that of a buyer. Any international trade will involve in any two instantaneous transactions: Exchange of the products in a physical form Sale or purchase of foreign currency In any international trade, the sale or purchase of any product will affect only one the parties in the foreign exchange. Suppose, If a British importer buy ? 100,000 worth of products from an American manufacturer, and the invoice is billed in US$, the burden falls on the British importer to buy ? to complete that business transaction and vice-versa. Thus, the party assumes the risk that the exchange rate on that specific date of conversion is positive to that party. (James, Neelankavil & Rai 2009:246). The Forex market is operating on an international basis where currency of each nation is bought and sold freely. The forex system was introduced in the 1970s at the time of introduction of free exchange rates and the price of one currency, and the price of one currency against another that happens from demand and supply that are only decided by the market participants.(Dicks 2010: 5). Forex market can be termed as a perfect market as it cannot be either monopolised or controlled by any of its participants. Due to ever increasing number of transactions on a daily basis makes it as the biggest liquid financial market and as per an estimate, money transaction involves in the forex market form up to US$ 6 trillion per day. This figure is only a tentative figure as the exact amount cannot be quantified due to the transactions are not centralised on a forex single exchange. With the help of telecommunication, trading is carried over all over the globe and with electronic networks with five days in week and 24 hours a day and there are dealers quoting currencies in each time zone through the main central markets: New York, London, Frankfurt, Hong Kong, Tokyo, New Zealand and Australia. (Dicks 2010: 5). The forex market is being able to maintain its goal and avoid being manipulated or controlled by any few or one of its participants since the volume transacted is so high that if any of them would want to distort by changing price at their volition, they have to operate with hundreds of billions of dollars. That is why forex market cannot be swayed by any single participant and even though, there are scenarios where large transactions can appear to assume control of the forex market for a few minutes, the balance is restored again instantly due to the great liquidity associated. This also permits traders to derive revenues by closing and opening positions within a few seconds. (Dicks 2010: 5). The place or venue for the sale and purchase of foreign currency is called as the foreign exchange market. This research essay will make a complete literature review on an efficient market hypothesis of forex market, inc luding fundamental and technical analysis, also offers a brief history on the forex market and overview of the market in an exhaustive manner. Definition of Foreign Currency A foreign currency rate denotes to the price any person pays in one currency to buy another currency. It is to be observed that a currency is analogous to any other product namely food or gold; its price is decided by the supply or demand for the said product. For instance, if a forex dealer quotes US$ 1.35 per ?, then he is quoting US$1.35 for the sale or purchase of per ?. (James, Neelankavil & Rai 2009:247). Quotes for exchange rates are available either for instant release or for the future delivery. For the immediate delivery, the price of foreign currency is known as spot rate. Due to introduction of advanced IT in the forex transactions, now it is made possible for a spot transaction to be cleared or settled on the same day is possible. The largest consortium of the

I will upload the directions for this paper Research

I will upload the directions for this - Research Paper Example Melba, a teenage girl, is among the few black students selected to commence the integration of schools in adherence to the court order. The process of integration is challenging since most white people are opposed to the process. The resistance ends with the intervention of the National Guard, which enforces the Supreme Court order. Critical review of the book Initial events The initial event, which triggers the subsequent events, is a Supreme Court ruling. In Brown vs. Board of education, the court ruled that it was unlawful to for to segregate students on a racial basis. Accordingly, the state ought to begin an integration program, which will ensure that the school contain students of both races1. Initially, the book discloses the miraculous recovery of Melba who was at the verge of death owing to the negligence of a white nurse. Melba was born in a segregated society. However, she manages to overcome all hurdles that the discriminatory society puts in her ways beginning from her b irth during a Pearl Harbour day to her early adult hood. Melba struggles against her aggressors reveals a non-violent opposition towards segregation in the American society. The white majority segregated the black community was a fact that Melba came to learn later in life. A white man repeatedly harassed Melba’s mother since his father could not protect him. ... Segregation denied young black students a chance a proper education2. Resistance at the Little Rock school Violence erupted in this town as the white persecuted the minority community. This culminated in a dilemma among the black people. Owing to the loss of lives and jobs among the black people, many wondered if it was worthwhile to champion for the integration of schools. A considerable proportion of the black people opposed resistance against the status quo in the education sector. Despite the majority of the Caucasian people opposing the integration, a few helped the black students who took part in the integration process. This reveals that there were people in both communities who wanted a peaceful resolution to the above problem. Blacks opposed to the resistance to the status quo in the education were regarded as traitors. Conversely, white people who sympathised with the treatment of black people were also traitors in their community. White children attended schools that had g ood facilities while their counterparts attended schools with dilapidated facilities. Melba’s personal tribulations Melba’s actions to fights segregation had various implications on her life. He was against her decision to attend a white school since they would receive threats or risk attacks by their oppressors. Melba’s stand resulted in numerous conflicts in her family as they were exposed to attacks and constant threats. Despite her father’s opposition to her decision, her grandmother and mother seem to fully back her well aware of the dangers they will encounter. In one of the incidences, Melba and her mother receive assistance from white people who help

The impact of tobacco advertising on the females Essay

The impact of tobacco advertising on the females - Essay Example This warmer weather will likely to prompt smokers to go outside frequently to other areas if indoor smoking laws are tight. Sex appeal, independence, fashionableness, adventure, and affluence are identified as themes found in female-targeted cigarette advertising. The advertisement of cigarettes smoked by women only gave women a sense of liberation, exclusivity, and equality. In late 1960s, initial advertising campaigns of Virginia Slim included claims that there is a cigarette for women only. This is the slim cigarette made just for only women, who is tailored slim than the fat cigarettes smoked by men. In 1969, John Landry argued that early ideas if a thin cigarette did not gain positive response as per market respondents. It rather worked well when they added the idea of female orientation. In the analysis of competition on female oriented cigarette, advertising hit the market in 1968, just as the women liberation was entering the national consciousness (Barnard, 1998). The positi oning cigarettes specifically for today have liberated women who have unique swing image. It has been documented that tobacco advertising is targeting women, but less has been discovered how the needs satisfaction messages effectively promote smoking to women. The documents from the tobacco industry provided an opportunity on examining the industry’s process of developing cigarette advertising for women. The industry identified this in a research in 1980 as a salient to women of life experiences and different ages. Marketing of Satin was tested to compete in the growing market of educated and working women who smoked slim cigarette. The response to this brand of cigarette received a very... This essay "The impact of tobacco advertising on the females" outlines the connection between commercials of cigarettes and the level of smoking among women. It has been documented that tobacco advertising is targeting women, but less has been discovered how the needs satisfaction messages effectively promote smoking to women. The documents from the tobacco industry provided an opportunity on examining the industry’s process of developing cigarette advertising for women. The industry identified this in a research in 1980 as a salient to women of life experiences and different ages. Marketing of Satin was tested to compete in the growing market of educated and working women who smoked slim cigarette. The response to this brand of cigarette received a very positive response. Satin was positioned in that it could communicate to homemakers and working people that they need time for themselves to relax and foster themselves by smoking satin cigarettes. The women were also, sharing the need for escapism, private, and self indulgence (Burns, 2010). According to research conducted by Lorillard in 1981, test market respondents on satin appealed to desire to relax with a cigarette, desire to pamper individual, sensuous nature of a woman, and suppressed dream of relaxing in luxury. It was also noted that, advertisements which involves women in fantasy of escape from life’s problems with a little self indulgence which seem to be striking a nerve. This is most dangerous with focus groups especially with older women.

Essay (Visual Text of the girl) Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

(Visual Text of the girl) - Essay Example The image of her on a greenish background draped in a tattered red scarf or burqa with her iconic green eyes directly starring at the camera became the symbol of the Afghan conflict and sufferings of the refugees. So, a visual analysis of the photograph will done focusing on how the colors and framing was effectively composed, and how it reflects her tough life but at the same time her strong resolve. It seems that McCurry has set up the shot of the girl with apt coloring and framing, starting with a green building in the background. This green building coincidently yet perfectly matches the green eyes of the girl. The tattered and soiled red scarf contrasts with that background thereby not only complimenting the girl’s green eyes but also making those eyes stand out, which entices viewers to the girl’s striking and piercing stare. In addition, McCurry uses the girl’s own torn out red scarf to frame her face, which provides more focus to her face and eyes. As McCurry has chosen to shoot the photograph in a low light area with soft overtones, it makes the girl’s eyes even more vibrant and brighter. At the same time, the burned and ragged scarf and importantly her dirty and slightly wrinkled face reflect her difficult life. Although, some form of pre-print photo retouching was done, extensive work was not possible because of the lack of advanced technolo gies at that time. So, it is obvious that photo was effectively composed, both in terms of color and framing, through natural means and mainly because of the skills of the photographer. Although the contrasting colors and framing has created a sort of illusion, when viewed deeply it provides disturbing but at the same time stunning perspectives about her emotional side. That is, when her dilapidated clothes and her haunting eyes are deeply focused, it seems her emotion at that time was a mixture of sullenness and courage. Although, the

Palamon Love Essay Example for Free

Palamon Love Essay Palamon wants Arcite to let his eyes of Emily and not interfere, but Arcite says l loved her first as women and on my head I swear, love is a greater law than any other that may be given to any earthly man. (pg. 89) love replaces all other commitments. They both show each other how much they love Emily. Later on, they both somehow manage to get out of prison. First, Arcite got out and after seven years Palamon. They both suddenly meet at grove in ngry looks and want to fight for Emily, while Theseus appearing there too with his wife and Emily. At first Theseus wanted to kill them, but seeing the situation of theirs he changes his mind and sets up arena for them to fght. They both are ready to do anything to grant Emily as wife. Then, Theseus builds 3 temples. Venus (the goddess of love), Mars (the god of war), and Diana (the goddess of chastity). Palamon went to Venus to ask to get Emily, Arcite went to Mars to ask to win the war, and Emily went to Diana to ask to say virgin or else marry a guy love her the most. After that, the battle begun and Arcite won the war with the help of the god that he visited, and Palamon lost, but in the end Palamon won and got Emily. Palamon won because of Pluto who sent earthquake at Saturns request for Venus. Arcite dies because of earthquake and fell from his horse and hits his head to ground. He died as noble knight to get Emily, and didnt care about his brotherhood relationship with Palamon while fghing against him for Emily. The knight is noble, conqueror, gentle and has pity, which he is similar to Theseus the character in the story that he is telling. The gentle duke jumped down from his horse with pitying heart as he heard them speak. (pg. 77) Theseus takes pity on those women that he meets on his way and gives what the women asked for. Which it looks like that the Knight is describing himself as Theseus. He likes fghting from the beginning so he made arrangement for Arcite and Palamon to fght over Emily. The story starts with battle of Amazons and after he marries the queen of Amazon as price of winning a battle besides the story also ends with Palamon marrying Emily in which he also get her by winning the battle.

Mental Health Presenting Issues Essay Example for Free

Mental Health Presenting Issues Essay It may seem at first that Medical Tourism is doing the world a favour by clearing the backlogged waiting lists for certain procedures without having to expand the local capacity that is in demand. (1). It is also proposed by supporters of Medical tourism that by bringing tourists into the country, not only the health sector, but other sectors, like the tourism and hospitality sectors will also benefit and through this flow on effect the people of the host country will benefit. For example Indias health care market is expected to expand from 5.2%GDP to 8.5% GDP by the end of 2012 because of Medical tourism. (2) This is taking a superficial look at the problem. It also effects on the health care of people of the host country, the standard of care received by the patient and effects on the workforce itself. While countries like India, Thailand and Singapore may seem to benefit overall, it has been argued that the extra funding the health care system is receiving from medical tourism does not get diverted to help the public health sector -with levels of public spending on healthcare in India are amongst the lowest in the world (3). The local people should receive some of this profit that the health industry itself is receiving as many are unable to afford comparative health care. There is also the question of the effect on the workforce. There are fears that medical tourism could worsen the drain of local professionals by luring them from the public sector and rural areas to take jobs in urban centres. (2) The medical tourism facilities offer not only a better rate of pay, but also access to good equipment, resources and medications. Finally there is the cost on the individual receiving the care. Presently, there are a lack of comparative quality and safety data including infection rates for overseas institutions. There is also little information about adverse events as reporting of these events is also lacking. Many of the practitioners in these health care facilities pay less indemnity insurance and matters are dealt with locally. It is hard to know what compensations would be made, were something to go wrong during a procedure. In nations that have long waiting lists for certain procedures, medical tourism provides a mechanism to clear backlogs by sending patients to foreign countries without expanding local capacity. Lancaster J. Surgeries, side trips for medical tourists. p. A1. Washington Post. October 21, 2004. this reduces the burden on the local healthcare resources of the native country. this is reinforced by Insurance companies have jumped on the medical tourism ride by offering reduced rates to those who are willing to travel overseas for medical treatment, further encouraging the medical tourism market. It is proposed by supporters of Medical tourism that by bringing tourists into the country, other sectors, like the tourism and hospitality sectors will also benefit and through this flow on effect the people of the host country will benefit. For example Indias health care market is expected to expand from 5.2%GDP to 8.5% GDP by the end of 2012 because of Medical tourism. Medical visas mark growth of Indian medical tourism. Bull World Health Organ. 2007 while countries may seem to benefit overall, it has been argued that the extra funding the health care system is receiving from medical tourism does not get diverted to help the public health sector. Levels of public spending on healthcare in India are amongst the lowest in the world. Health Spending in India, the impact of current Aid structures and Aid Effectiveness. EU HEALTH ODA AND AID EFFECTIVENESS / COUNTRY BRIEFING 6 / DECEMBER 2011(sourced at http://www.euroresources.org/fileadmin/user_upload/AfGH_Policy_Briefs/PolicyBriefing6_India_LoRes.pdf) according to the WHO in 2010, in India 71% of total health expenditure was spent on private health public health spending compared to private. The private costs are too high for the average Indian so they cant directly benefit, if an effect on public health workforce, There are fears, however, that medical tourism could worsen the internal brain drain and lure professionals from the public sector and rural areas to take jobs in urban centres. Medical visas mark growth of Indian medical tourism. Bull World Health Organ. 2007 The question has arisen regarding the safety and quality of health care reicieved whilst overseas. also who manages complications which may arise after treatment that was received overseas. Who should be responsible for that? When medical treatment is sought from abroad, the normal continuum of care may be interrupted. Perhaps not surprisingly, given commercial imperatives, evidence of outcomes for medical tourist treatments is limited and reports are difficult to obtain and verify.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Encryption Security Types Computer Science Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Encryption Security Types Computer Science Essay An Egyption scribe used non-standard hieroglyphs in an inscription about 1900 BC. Example of written cryptography is the first documented that lists by Kahn. A piece of flat stone carved into a collage of images and some writing to identify themselves in trading dealings in 1500 BC antique Assyrian merchants used in intaglio. The digital signature produced by this mechanism. This signature belongs to the trader, but they only have that intaglio to produce the signature. The reversed-alphabet simple replacement cipher known as ATBASH is used by Hebrew scribes writing down the book of Jeremiah in 500-600 BC. A small number of Hebrew ciphers of the time are only one that is ATBASH. Skytale a device used called by Greek which is a staff around that a long, thin strip of leather was wrapped and written on. The leather was taken off and worn as a belt. It would seem that a matching staff and the encrypting staff would be left home by the recipient. In the field of 100-44 BC in government communications used a simple substitution with the normal alphabet by Julius Caesar. This produce only in a little amount, but it is not stronger like ATBASH.When this read by few people it was good enough. Julius Caesar didnt trust the messengers but trusted his associates. Inspired the solution of a cryptogram in Greek for the Byzantine emperor by A.D Abu Abd al-Rahman al-Khalil ibn Ahmad ibn Amar ibn Tammam al Farahidi al-Zadi al Yahmadi wrote a book on cryptography in 725-790. Plaintext at the massages start was based on the result. It was a regular cryptanalytic technique and used still in WW-II in opposition to Enigma messages. Kahn has found the first model of the nomenclature. A grouping replacement alphabet and small code compiled by Clement VII at the appeal in 1379 Gabrieli di Lavinde. For the next 450 years this class of code was to stay in common use in the middle of diplomats and some civilians. There were stronger ciphers being imaginary in the interim in the face of the truth, probably because of its relative expediency. The manipulative a cipher disk to make things easier the process, its make-believe and available the first polyalphabetic cipher at 1466 Leon Battista Alberti. Until the 1800s, this type of cipher was actually not working. In addition his own creation, Alberti wrote expansively on the position the art in ciphers. He also used the disk for enciphered code. These systems were much stronger than the nomenclature. The first book wrote on cryptology at 1518 Johannes Trithemius. Each letter was represented as a word taken from a succession of columns that make-believe a steganographic cipher. The now-standard form of rectangular substitution tables is described as polyalphabetic ciphers. The notion of varying alphabets with each other introduced by Johannes Trithemius. The key for a repetitive polyalphabetic cipher is introduced at 1553 Giovan Batista Belaso the opinion of using a passphrase. Introducing the digraphic cipher wrote a text on ciphers at 1563 Giovanni Battista Porta. Transposition, substitution and symbol substitution are classified as ciphers. To confuse the cryptanalyst he uses the optional of synonyms and misspellings. The first authentic plaintext and cipher text auto key systems together with wrote a book on ciphers at 1585 Blaise de Vigenere. A biliteral cipher known today as 5-bit double encoding at 1623 Sir Francis Bacon described a cipher which now bears his name. Dr.Robert Patterson make-believe his wheel cipher perhaps aided at 1790 Thomas Jefferson. The father of US cryptanalysis was in a job as a civilian cryptanalyst at Riverbank Laboratories and performed cryptanalysis for the US Government is be honored at 1917 William Frederick Friedman. The Enigma machine was taken over and superior upon to become the cryptographic workhorse of Nazi Germany at 1933-1945. But the Enigma machine was not profitable success. U.S. Data Encryption Standard preferred with changes by the US NSA based on the Lucifer cipher a plan at 1976 by IBM. New Directions in Cryptography, introducing the suggestion of public key cryptography in print by Whitfield Diffie on 1976. The Diffie-Hellman was stimulated on 1977, paper and acting as complete novices in cryptography, Ronald L. Rivest, Adi Shamir and Leonard M. To make a useful public key system had been discussing by Adleman. The full scientific report to anyone submitting a self-addressed, stamped envelope offer was included in the Scientific American article. An application for a New Block Encryption Standard a planned International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA) was published on 1990 by Xuejia Lai and James Massey in Switzerland. The warning by the FBI to require access to the clear text of the interactions of citizens. PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) was the unrestricted first description on 1991 by Phil Zimmermann. The earlier RC2 and RC4 algorithms included in RSADSIs BSAFE cryptographic library the author was Professor Ron Rivest on 1994. The user can vary the block size, number of rounds and key length, if the algorithm uses data-dependent rotation as its non-linear operation and parameterized. Introduction to Encryption Systems Encryption is a process to encrypt the messages that can be readable by the person who knows how to decrypt the messages. This method has been used for over 2,000 years. The encryption is refers to the translation of a data into a secret code by using the algorithms. In the science of cryptography the process that involved is encryption. The messages must be securely sent. These messages could be numeric data, text or secret codes. For example, Missile Launch Codes. This encryption systems providing privacy for the authorized peoples communications. The receiver must have a key to decrypt the message to return to its original plain text form. The key that use to decrypt the message is trigger mechanism to the algorithm. Nowadays, encryption systems is the advent of the internet and public used it rarely. Moreover, these systems became largely military tool. There are used this systems in many field. Such as banking, online marketing, healthcare and other services. Even the average householder is aware of the encryption. When an address beginning with https that shows that web browsers is encrypt text automatically when connected to a secure server. When connected to a secure website, even the browsers automatically encrypt the information but many of them still choose the use of the encryption to do their email. The feature plug-ins or interfaces for the popular email clients will be easily accomplished with the help of encryption program. The most popular and longstanding is called PGP (Pretty Good Privacy), a name for very strong military-grade encryption program. It will be allowed to not only for the messages, but also may used for the personal files and folders as well. When the information tra vels between the computers, interception of the transmission that cannot be readable because it was in unreadable gibberish. Even there are many types of encryption but not all types of encryption are reliable. Other than that, there are same computer that yields strong encryption that can be used to break weak encryption schemes. Earlier years, they used 64-bit encryption and they taught that was quite strong but it was break by the 128-bit encryption. This is the standard encryption and this will not change in the future. It was undoubtful.The data makes private by the strong encryption. But, it is not compulsory will be secure. If the used data wants to be secure, the recipient must be positively identified as being the approved party. The digital signatures or certificates are usually accomplished online. Types of Encryption The encryption consists of 5 types of encryption systems. There are manual encryption, transparent encryption, symmetric encryption, asymmetric encryption and email encryption. Firstly, manual encryption. This type of encryption involves the use of the encryption software. This encryption encrypts the computer programs in various bits of information digitally. Users participation must completely involve in this encryption. If the wants to encrypt the file, the user have to choose the type of encryption from a list that provided by the security system. This may use in the personal computers. For the reason that is the user easy to encrypt the personal files in a way they like, and also it will be protecting the personal material on a computer. Secondly is the transparent encryption. This encryption can be downloaded onto a computer to encrypt everything automatically. This is the most protected type, since it doesnt leave out anything. The computer has an encrypt duplicate in every ex ecutable appliance and folder that formed endure authority surges and defends information in casing a computer is stolen. In addition symmetric encryption also defined as one of the type of encryption. By using this type of encryption can easily encrypt information by own self. For an example, a letter or number coincides with another letter or number in the encryption code. The code can make by ourselves. Such as a=1, b=2 and so on. Besides that, asymmetric encryption is a safe and easy way that can be used to encrypt data that will be receiving. This type will do by electronically. The public key can be seeing by whoever want or post somewhere. Others can encrypt the information and send it back. There is also another key even the public key decipher that is private key. This key has only one person have. This means the data will encrypt by public key but it can be read only by the whomever has the private key. Lastly the email encryption is typically same as asymmetrical encryption method. This method is the emails that in inbox cannot be read by others especially by the hackers. There are 2 types of email encryption. The result in who gets the private key to the email is the first an email supplier. The client of an email address is given by regularly. The second type is managed over who gets the key gives by the user. This way the encrypt emails can read by others who have the private key given. Types of Encryption Software There are two main encryption-software types: Disk-encryption software, which protects mutually programs and data Data-encryption software, which protects just data Disk Encryption Software This type of software also called as full-disk-encryption software that used to protects the complete hard drive. This including the operating system, all software programs and its folders and files except for the MBR (Master Boot Record). Disk encryption hardware will protect the whole hard drive as well as MBR. This software no needs to buy, it will be already contain in a new computer or upgrade to a new operating system. For instance, Microsoft Vista and Windows 7 Enterprise and Ultimate editions. This software will protect the computer when not using it only. The laptop must switch off when not using it. Data Encryption Software This type of software will protects the chosen folders and files in an implicit vault, volume Or safe. In the computer must be store all the sensitive data in a virtual vault. When the virtual vault is closed only the data encryption software will protects the data. Whereas not actually working on any data within it should always closed the virtual vault. Process of Encryption 1The Encryption Process Binary message is very simple process of encryption The binary message is simply xored with another binary sequence The second sequence must be random Example: Let the message be ECE 101 Using ASCII encoding, we get: 45x 43x 45x 20x 31x 30x 31x In binary form: 01000101 01000011 01000101 00100000 00110001 00110000 00110001 Now select a random sequence of equal length, example: 1010011 1000011 0101101 1101110 0110010 1010001 1101010 The encrypted message is then: E C E SPACE 1 0 1 45x 43x 45x 20x 31x 30x 31x 1000101 1000011 1000101 0100000 0110001 0110000 0110001 $oplus$ 1010011 1000011 0101101 1101110 0110010 1010001 1101010 = 0010110 0000000 1101000 1001110 0000011 1100001 1011011 16x 00x 68x 4Ex 03x 61x 5Bx SYN NULL h N ETX a [ 2The Decryption Process To decrypt the encrypted message it must be xored with the same random sequence that was used for encryption. SYN NULL h N ETX a [ 16x 00x 68x 4Ex 03x 61x 5Bx 0010110 0000000 1101000 1001110 0000011 1100001 1011011 $oplus$ 1010011 1000011 0101101 1101110 0110010 1010001 1101010 = 1000101 1000011 1000101 0100000 0110001 0110000 0110001 45x 43x 45x 20x 31x 30x 31x E C E SPACE 1 0 1 Fundamentally, this works because $0 oplus 0 = 0$and $1 oplus 1 = 0$ $x oplus 0 = x$, for x=0 or x=1. 3Comparison of secret key and public key cryptography Uses of Encryption There are five uses of encryption: Uses of encryption Details Confidentiality The person correspondent or the recipient can normally be implicit of encrypted data Error Detection The inside of the message have not unintentionally changed will be checking User Authentication The recipient that the correspondent is the real creator and not someone else by the verification Message Authentication The messages have not been lost or interfered with when do the verification Proof of Origin The message came from the declared correspondent is providing to the third party Types of Encryption Algorithms There are six types of encryption algorithms. They are RSA, DES/3DES, Blowfish, Idea, Seal and RC4. The key length is discerned by the strong encryption used the algorithms. RSA The idea of a public key system was proposed in 1977. After, this proposed the 3 mathematicians, Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir and Len Adleman give a concrete example of how the method can be implement. A private and public key was used by this system and this method refers to RSA Scheme. This system used the term n=p*q. DES/3DES U.S was developed and endorsed the Data encryption Standard (DES) in 1977 as official standard form. A block cipher with 64-bit block size that uses 56-bit keys by DES. Some of them not concern about the DES secure. The Triple-DES (3DES) has emerged with a strong method. With the help of DES/3DES giving it a cumulative key size of 112-168 bits. BLOWFISH This is like a symmetric block cipher same as DES or IDEA. The blowfish was created on 1993 by Bruce Schneier. Then it gets acceptances as a strong encryption. IDEA On early 1990s the International Data Encryption Algorithms (IDEA) by Dr.X.Lai and Prof.J.Massey in Switzerland replacing by the DES standard. This system uses encryption and decryption at 8 bytes in a time. SEAL In 1993 Software-optimized Encryption Algorithm (SEAL) was designed by Rogaway and Coppersmith. Block Ciphers is slower than Stream Ciphers. This SEAL is considered very safe because it has 160 bit key. RC4 Ron Rivest was invented RC4 cipher. Commercial systems like Lotus Notes and Netscape was used this cipher. This cipher used 2048 bits (256 bytes) key size. It relatively fast and strong ciphers. Advantages and Disadvantages Encryption is playing a most important role in day-to-day. Even it play role in important, there also have some negative points. Advantages Disadvantages The information that stored in the computer from not permitted access-even from people who not have access the computer system that can be defend An aggressor can cooperation the encryption series itself The transmission from one computer to another computer can protect the information An aggressor might find a earlier anonymous and comparatively simple way to translate messages encrypted with the algorithm that using The data can be used to deter and detect accidental or intentional alterations The deleting all the data cannot be prevent by attacker To know the author of the document can be verify Before it is encrypted or after it is decrypted could access the file by attacker Cryptography VS Encryption Cryptography Encryption The science and study of secret writing is defined as cryptography The desktop-computer insurgency has made it likely for cryptographic techniques to become widely used and accessible to no experts Cryptography is a part of the history, on the ancient years complex based codes and algorithms and machines was created By having some secure communications the Enigma machine was developed by Germans, throughout the World War I The secret Ultra project through World War II was Enigma codes that decrypted by the British Users suggestion is always encryption of the unbelievable on system, or the holder or the law of the enforcement This system changed a plaintext to the cipher text, which always has the look of casual The encrypted form called as cryptogram, the process of the encryption will be determined by the encryption algorithms The transformation will be truthfulness, genuineness and privacy provides by the encryption The information that send by the A is authentic and has not been tampered Algorithm Compression Loss Authenticity IEDS No No Yes SCAN Yes No No MIE No No No CIE No No No VQ Yes No No DRP No No No VC No Yes No 4Figure 2.1 Image Encryption Algorithm Property Comparison Table Importance of Encryption This is a very mysterious subject. The administration seems have no realistic application outer surface. The computer has distorted the age. In this world has do whole thing was recorded on computers that was connected to the Internet. There are many areas use encryption: The outsiders cannot snatch a copy of the transit that will assure by the encryption. The transit will be going between the commerce with many places of work locations needs to send computer data files among themselves. The encryption system allows them to hide the information among themselves when dissimilar people share the computer system. But nowadays almost they share similar in some form. The possible document only can read by the person who designed the encryption. Even others have the physical access to it. This issue modified encryption keys to the people. If everybody keeps their personal data in encryption form, this was worried by the law enforment authorities. Because of this, they tried a limit of using the strong encryption by the general public. The encryption software treats as military ammunition by the laws of the United States of America and it will be allowed export with case-by-case permission from the government. Examples of Encryption There are few examples of encryption. This example can easily break by the unauthorized people. By this examples, can understand more about the encryption. Reverser Decode EncodeThis type will be the reverse of whole message. If someone want to look the encrypted words, they can see the words by the backwards. Example: hello olleh hello Shifter Decode EncodeThe letters incremented by one so a becomes b, b becomes c and so on. The message will be more easier when incremented. By this type of encryption also others can see the letters. Example: hello ifmmp hello Flipper Decode EncodeThis is done by flipping every two characters. This is done by switched the 1st and 2nd letters, 3rd and 4th letters and so on. This also easy to encrypt the letters again. Example: hello ehllo hello Caesar Cipher Decode EncodeThis was made by Julius Caesar. This can be seen in the history. This also can be easily broken. The encrypted message is being used to replace the real message. Example: hello khoor hello Challenges and Technologies 5The encryption is very useful to the worldwide. Even it is useful, there are some challenges that faced by the encryption: GLBA compliance and emerging technologies by Paul Rohmeyer, Contributor The second decade of managing information risks under the regularly oversight of Section 501. RSA 2008: Financial industry security challenges The unique security challenges facing the financial industry its talks by the Executive Director Ed Zeitler. This can put strain on IT. Overcoming USA Patriot Act challenges This was contributors by Michael Rasmussen and Michael Landers. The authority to regulate various activities of financial institutions and they required them to maintain anti-money laundering programs. Regulatory and competitive forces The privacy laws are required to protect identity and personal financial information from unauthorized parties. Key management challenges and best practices This explains that to all procedures related to generation, exchange, storage, safeguarding, use and replacement of keys. BITS releases guide for implementing email authentication protocols 500s consumer-facing services brands adopted DKIM and Sender ID (SIDF), Microsofts version of SPF. The challenge is to locating all their sources of email. 6Other than that, there some technologies in the encryption. RSA encryption system was the top of the list, it developed by Ronald Rivest, Shamir, and Leonard Aldeman in the late of 1970 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Security Sockets Layer (SSL) is a public-key encryption seems widely used in client-to-server applications. It was developed by Netscape and supported by Microsoft browsers. This SSL was suffered from its complex computation system, which prolongs the time it takes to perform the encryption and decryption processes. Besides that, Pretty Good Privacy (PGP), also a technology was developed by Phil Zimmermman. It was released on 1991. This was easy to use and strong encryption. After 1996, PGP was launched as commercialize the software. Then, Zimmerman man continued to develop more the PGP. There are some companies operating over a large network to protect the information on their hard drives, the program was Symantec Corps Norton Your Eyes Only. On 2000, Wi ndows 2000 was equipped with automatic encryption schemes. Alternatively, the programs could encrypt data onto a company server and allow with authorized access the files to decrypt them. 7Language that used to develop the encryption The application in programming language must be in order form to develop it. There are two popular and relevant high level programming languages that is Java and C#. The features in terms and portability were compares between Figueroa n.d. and Java and C#. By this comparison can be identify which has the better performance in processing images. The both languages are portable based on the study. The architectures and operating systems in different to run a program in flexibility is refers to portability. The term of the programming languages was only portable for C#. Java in the other hand is portable for in source code, hardware and OS. When manipulate the image is converted into matrix where elements of the matrix represent a pixel of the image. There are two types of size, they are vector size and matrix size. C# is faster when both sizes are greater than 4096. Java is faster when processing small sizes. 8Technique of encryption Younes Jantan, 2007 has proposed a simple and strong method for image security using a combination of blocks based image transformations and encryption techniques. The original message divided into blocks, which is rearranged into a transformed image using a transformation algorithms and then transformed image is encrypted using the Blowfish algorithm. Without the key, encryption and decryption process cannot take place. The following figure shows the model of the proposed technique: Original Image Key Transformation process Encryption process Ciphered Image   Figure 2.2 An Overview Diagram of the Proposed Technique Depending on the key supplied by the different cipher codes have the similar image. The confidentiality and security will provide when the image based data transferred with the help of suitable user-defined key. The resulting image will not be generated because of the result of hash embedded inside the image file. The below figure shows the architecture proposed: Image Encryption Model Image Cipher Code (An encrypted image) User Defined Key Decrypted (Original) Image Image Decryption Model User Defined Key Figure 2.3 The Architecture of the Image Encryption and Decryption Model Future Improvements The future of encryption is brighter than ever before. The protection of corporation information assets and third-party information is increasing spectacularly and it is demand for more control. Even five years ago, the amount of information being communicated and stored by electronic means is hugely great. The information security products are growing at a higher rate than any other aspect of IT technology must be more effective within the enterprise today. From the perimeters of communication, the Internet and the mobility of its users have removed it. For the modern day enterprise the last line of the defense is encryption. In future, the encryption systems will be more useful to the users. Moreover, this encryption is tough, complicated, jargon and it is not user friendly. Even, by the IT people also cannot know what is actually encryption. How about the the common people. Many of them said that encryption is so great, why Microsoft did not use this. Because it is very expansive, too advance for the unknowledgeable persons and is not simple to use it. In future, the encryption will improve the PIN security. The unique encryption key can be used only by the EFT networks members only. But this costs high implementations, since some of the ATM owners ignored it. The remote key distribution may improve the compliance rates. There are 6 critical market drivers that will be the shape the future encryption  [9]  : Email privacy and regulatory requirements The global enterprises provided easy way exchange information can conduct the business electronically by the Internet and adoption of Internet protocols. Increasing compromises and unauthorized access to critical business information To improve the quality and level of protection enterprise employ to guard their information assets and the assets of their customers and business partners. The expanding enterprise The increasing number of regulations are aimed in a part at ensuring enterprises maintain and fulfill their fiduciary responsibilities. User mobility Ensure that the information during travel safe and the electronic communication also remain safe as it is transmitted across the Internet. Communications appliances Credit card may need protected for much longer periods of time. The Art of Storing and Retrieving Corporate Information Assets There are emerging the solutions for how to communicate among the various enterprise members in a secure manner. Conclusions The future of the encryption will be using by electronically for the purpose of enterprise conduct business. In future the encryption and the innovation of the applications providers. At Backblaze is protecting the privacy of the users data is a top priority that means encryption system. This is easy to use as a key part of the vision and makes the product hard to use for the encryption. For the military grade encryption made easy by mix of the public/private and symmetric key algorithms. The encryption is refers to the translation of a data into a secret code by using the algorithms. In the science of cryptography the process that involved is encryption. The messages must be securely sent. These messages could be numeric data, text or secret codes. For example, Missile Launch Codes. This encryption systems providing privacy for the authorized peoples communications.

Resistance to Change in Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart Essay example

   Achebe's novel Things Fall Apart chronicles the life of an individual whose carefully constructed world crumbles as his culture is assimilated into a colonizing society. This character, Okonkwo, is prestigious within his community, and in most respects views himself and is viewed by his neighbors as an honorable man. Yet for all his seeming honor, Okonwko self-destructs when his world begins to change. Although the value system held by Okonkwo's village may differ somewhat from that held by other cultures, his particular experience during colonization is universal. When Okonkwo defines himself as an honorable man and thinks back upon his life achievements that have made him so, he focuses most strongly upon his ferocity. He has "brought honor to his village by throwing Amalinze the Cat" in a wrestling match (Achebe 3). Furthermore, his "impatience with unsuccessful men" causes him to "pounce on people quite often" (4). Although it is sometimes problematic for him, Okonkwo's violent and impulsive nature generally earns him great respect in his society. par tab Okonkwo's second most obvious trait is his "inflexible will" (24). This trait enables him to survive the year of the yam famine and build up his prosperous compound, despite his "grim struggle against poverty and misfortune" (27). Okonkwo becomes very proud, knowing that this success "was not luck." He thus believes that he controls his own fate: "Okonkwo said yes very strongly; so his chi agreed. And not only his chi but his clan too, because it judged a man by the work of his hands" (27). As a self-made man, Okonkwo has learned that he can attain his goals through ferocity, violence, tenacity, and stubbornness. His repeated successes have made ... ...ten, to preserve their integrity to their self-image and heritage, individuals intensify their ethnic behavior in the face of obliteration. For many such as Okonkwo, this is a suicidal act, if not literally, then at least socially, politically, and economically. Sources Cited and Consulted: Achebe, Chinua.   Things Fall Apart. Oxford: Heinemann, 1996. Culross, Melissa. "Chinua Achebe and Things Fall Apart." Postimperial and Postcolonial Literature in English. Internet. http://landow.stg.br/ own.edu/post/achebe/ things.htm l. Irele, Abiola. â€Å"The Tragic Conflict in the Novels of Chinua Achebe†. In  ChinuaAchebe’s Things Fall Apart:  A Critical Companion. Delhi: Worldview, 2003. Kortenar. Neil Ten, â€Å"How the Center is Made to Hold in  Things Fall Apart†.  In  Chinua Achebe’s  Things Fall Apart: A Casebook. Ed. By Isidore Okpewho. Oxford; OUP, 2003.

Is The Statue of Liberty a Lie? Essay -- Essays Papers

Is The Statue of Liberty a Lie? The issue of immigration has shaped the history of the United States throughout the years of its existence. People from numerous different countries have immigrated to America in search of a better life and new opportunities. While Americans often ponder whether immigration is a benefit to society, legislators have recently enacted many anti-immigration laws which have been enforced to keep control over illegal immigration. Many different positions exist concerning illegal immigration in the United States. Advocates for Proposition 187 would suggest that illegal immigration is greatly increasing the population of the country, crowding schools, and denying many basic rights to citizens. Opponents indicate that immigration laws are discriminatory and that there are simple solutions to the overall issue. Every different stance that is taken on the issue is bound to have consequences; therefore impossible to reach a consensus. Illegal immigrants have been a concern in the United States for many years. As the population grows larger, less space is available, particularly in California. Citizens from countries such as Mexico, Guatemala, and El Salvador flee to America with hopes of finding a stable job and a new home, but they are not always welcome. As more illegal aliens cross the borders, less jobs and educational opportunities are available for citizens of the United States. Some may argue that the rights of Americans should be served before those who enter this country illegally. In 1994, in the state of California, Proposition 187 was passed to ensure the security of America’s citizens. Proposition 187 denies public social services, publicly-funded health care, and public educati... ...f immigration into the country. While immigration into America is encouraged and legal, the ever-present factor of illegal immigration is beginning to take its toll across the nation. Some states, such as California, believe strong measures must be taken in order to counteract the negative effects commonly associated with illegal immigration. However, such actions may not necessarily solve this ongoing problem in the United States, in fact, no permanent solution may exist. Perhaps a more reasonable solution may surface when legislators truly embrace the ideals set forth in the founding of our nation. Works Cited 1. Documentary = â€Å"Fear of Learning at Hoover Elementary† 2. Ono, Kent, and John M. Sloop. Shifting Borders. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2002. 3. â€Å"Bring Back Proposition 187.† Human Events 19 Aug. 2003: Vol. 59 Issue 28 Is The Statue of Liberty a Lie? Essay -- Essays Papers Is The Statue of Liberty a Lie? The issue of immigration has shaped the history of the United States throughout the years of its existence. People from numerous different countries have immigrated to America in search of a better life and new opportunities. While Americans often ponder whether immigration is a benefit to society, legislators have recently enacted many anti-immigration laws which have been enforced to keep control over illegal immigration. Many different positions exist concerning illegal immigration in the United States. Advocates for Proposition 187 would suggest that illegal immigration is greatly increasing the population of the country, crowding schools, and denying many basic rights to citizens. Opponents indicate that immigration laws are discriminatory and that there are simple solutions to the overall issue. Every different stance that is taken on the issue is bound to have consequences; therefore impossible to reach a consensus. Illegal immigrants have been a concern in the United States for many years. As the population grows larger, less space is available, particularly in California. Citizens from countries such as Mexico, Guatemala, and El Salvador flee to America with hopes of finding a stable job and a new home, but they are not always welcome. As more illegal aliens cross the borders, less jobs and educational opportunities are available for citizens of the United States. Some may argue that the rights of Americans should be served before those who enter this country illegally. In 1994, in the state of California, Proposition 187 was passed to ensure the security of America’s citizens. Proposition 187 denies public social services, publicly-funded health care, and public educati... ...f immigration into the country. While immigration into America is encouraged and legal, the ever-present factor of illegal immigration is beginning to take its toll across the nation. Some states, such as California, believe strong measures must be taken in order to counteract the negative effects commonly associated with illegal immigration. However, such actions may not necessarily solve this ongoing problem in the United States, in fact, no permanent solution may exist. Perhaps a more reasonable solution may surface when legislators truly embrace the ideals set forth in the founding of our nation. Works Cited 1. Documentary = â€Å"Fear of Learning at Hoover Elementary† 2. Ono, Kent, and John M. Sloop. Shifting Borders. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2002. 3. â€Å"Bring Back Proposition 187.† Human Events 19 Aug. 2003: Vol. 59 Issue 28

49ers :: essays research papers

There are great times noted in the past. One of those great teams in the San Francisco 49ers. They have made history and are known as one of the type franchises in the history of the NFL. The 49ers are considered a dynasty to the media and fans. The 49ers are respected greatly for their Super Bowl achievements.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It all started in 1946 when the San Francisco 49ers first began their franchise. In 1950 is when the moved to the National Football League. They earned their name from the gold miners who surged in San Francisco, in 1849, in search for gold so they could start a new life. Their first owner, Anthony J. Morabito, who was from the University of Santa Clara alumnus, had a dream of bringing a football team to the west. He had been moderately successful in the lumber hauling business. To make this happen, Anthony was put in touch with Arch Ward, an editor of the Chicago Tribune. Mr. Ward is credited with the All-American Conference, which was first held in October 1944. Anthony, after a long talk and negotiating with Mr. Ward, was granted a franchise with help from his younger brother, Victor, and partners in his lumbering business, Allen E. Sorrell, and E. J. Turre (â€Å"Niner’s history† www.49ersparadise.com).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Morabito’s first year he signed many famous and talented people such as Frankie Albert, Joe Vetrano, and Alyn Beals. With Lawerecneh T. (Buck) Shaw as the head coach, the 49ers slowly but surely won continuously, as they tried to get a spot in the National Football League. In their first four years in the ACC, the 49ers finished second behind the talent- packed Cleveland Browns. Finally, in 1950, fans celebrated for the entry of the 49ers into the NFL. They joined great teams such as the Cleveland Browns and the Baltimore Colts (â€Å"Niner’s history† www.49ersparadise.com). As soon as they got in, it seemed, they were making changes to make them a top contender in the league. Joined by Y.A. Tittle, and shared quarterback Frankie Albert, the 49ers missed the Conference Finals by half game. From then on they were in the race for the prize except in the years 1955, 1956, and 1958. Just as everything looked like it would turn out great, a tragic event happened that scared players and fans for life. During a game on October 27, 1957, Tony Morabito died of a heart attack.

Capital Punishment in the Bahamas

Section Capital Punishment The Bahamas hanged 50 men since 1929 according to records kept at Her Majesty’s Prison. Five were hanged under the Ingraham administration; 13 were hanged under the Pindling government, and 32 inmates were executed between 1929 and 1967. The last act of capital punishment in The Bahamas took place on January 6, 2000 when convicted murderer David Mitchel was executed by hanging.Mitchel was convicted of stabbing two German tourists to death. (Nassau Guardian, published: August 27, 2012) A report released by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) encourages The Bahamas and other members of the Caribbean which maintain the death penalty to impose a moratorium on execution. The IACHR also urged The Bahamas to ratify the protocols of the American Convention on Human Rights in abolishing or reintroduce its application.In 2006 the Privy Council ruling determined that the mandatory death sentence was unconstitutional in The Bahamas. Because of this many inmates at Her Majesty’s Prison who were previously under the death penalty had their sentence commuted to life in prison, received other sentences or had their sentences overturned on appeal. Some inmates had been under the death sentence since the 1990s.In 2011, Parliament passed a law that outlines the categories of murder and states which would have the death penalty attached. The Privy Council ruled that the worst cases of murder is carefully planned and carried out in furtherance of another crime, such as robbery, rape, drug smuggling, human struggling, kidnapping, preventing witnesses from testifying, serial killing, as well as the killing of innocents â€Å"for the gratification of base desires†. (Nassau Guardian, published June 21, 2011)

New Historic Criticism of Pudd’nhead Wilson

The collision need of agreement about the merits of discover bridges Puddnhead Wilson, is undoubtedly tie in to the equ eachy striking disagreements over the interpretations and compend of the novel. In a life-or-death senses, tie in to all the thematic analysis presented so far, leave important aspects of the novel unaccounted for. As a result, those who are inclined to assess the novel dismiss certain separate as ultimately inconsequential raise of orthodontic b line of achievementss predictably incautious technique. On the other hand those who possess serious reservations about its merits stress its lack of coherence, lack of an action suitable to affirm what appear to be the authors chief c at wiz clock timerns.Although the interpretations vary widely, ranging from the view that its substructure is the conflict amongst reality and behavior to the assertion that it has no clear meaning, dickens interpretative emphases are most common. First, in that respect a re critics who stress upon racial field of studys, particularly thraldom and miscegenation or marriages amidst different aftermaths. And second those who argue for the centrality of the theme of environmental determinism and see slavery as simply a metaphor for spans more than general concern, with the settle of training of the individual. go both these approaches reveal valuable insight, both are unsatisfactory because they leave too humansy questions unanswered.It was once considered that the integrity of imagination was violated by interpretation, considerations of track down, class and evoke befuddle non entered into the most formalist variations.In Puddnhead Wilson, duette presents a refresh of slavery and race relations in the Ameri nonify South. He high sends the arbitrariness of racial distinctions and classifications by showing how easily Roxana, a slave is able to switch her sustain son with the offspring of her master. The young supplanter grows among the whites without suspicion, and Twain is able to demonstrate how ersatz and constructed racial distinctions actually are.Race, Conflict and CultureThe lately increased interest in comment Twains Puddnhead Wilson is a text edition that turns the misapprehension of gender and race in a mid-nineteenth blow Southern townsfolk into a complicated spoof of the simile of law and customs in the coupled States. Puddnhead Wilson depicting race and custom individualism within legal and scientific discourses lends itself right away to the immature kind of historic readings related to Race, Conflict and Culture.A white struggle man, robs and murders and he subsequently discovers, through the attainment of fingerprinting, that he is actually a descending(prenominal) of African race and a slave. In his infancy, he was changed with his young master, Valet de sleeping room or ( domiciliate), alias Tom Driscoll, bets to the highest degree to be tailor-made for the audience of 1990s . This tidings is considered as an intriguing depiction of building complexities and constructions of race in the late nineteenth century United States.Recent attention to racial issues, and re saucy interest of literary condemnation in narration, has helped define the precise nature of ethnical tragedy which is presented in the novel. The customsal biz of European comedy in which discombobulation over identity disrupts a gradable separate that is restored when true identity is revealed, does non seem to work in republican America, especially non when the confusion involves race. As in Puddnhead Wilson, Roxy tries to justify her act of rocker exchange of her son for her masters and reasons with herself, white folks has done it. plainly her efforts as a mother to have her son defy the fate allot a slave in racialist America, ends in futility.The new historical criticism of the text certifies the different ship canal of reading narrative incoherence and different ways i n formulating birth between finale and literature. Some critics argue that Twain was unconscious(predicate) of Puddnhead Wilsons penetrating indictment of race slavery and that the discontinuities of the text mark a retreat to the illusion when none has occurred. While Myra Jehlen (1990) sees more ambivalency than outright dodging and manifests a familiar dilemma in Twain as a stalemate, between racial criticism and implicit conservatism. David Wilson stands in for the author, who recognizes competing rights that render incompatible brotherly order and social justice.Carolyn Porter (1990) sees similar ambivalence in Roxanas powerfully subversive, and David Wilsons repressive speckles. She as well as argues that the novel does not resolve, besides sole(prenominal) plays out the emphasis between them. Some read a more deliberate authorial scheme into the texts disjunctions. Through David Wilson as a businessman, Twain meditates on the deleterious postwar economy as an s tarting time rather than rejection of the slave economy. If the new historicism performs a textual reading of culture, they have not ceased to read the literary text as a special entity. When the critics go bad a fictional character or episode, there is no way the analysis can be proven wrong and all take satisfaction in creation right. barely whether Puddnhead Wilson is an extension, a reflection or a critique of cultural dynamics remains a matter of debate.Main Characters in the novelRoxana or Roxy in Puddnhead Wilson is cited as an stupendous muliebrity, her gestures and movements distinguished by a magisterial and stately grace, is the rarest of beings depicted in Twains work, though the white women characters in his work tend to be smooth and stereotypical. She is a passionate and an attractive woman and according to Fishkin (1995) is cunning, physically possessing, enterprising and unfeignedly interesting and engaging. She is conceived by Twain as something other than matronly old ladies or prepubescent schoolgirls. Roxy is also more complex of the stereotypes which were most commonly used by white authors to portray women of her race and positioning.David Wilson, Puddnhead Wilson, is a character that gained its name from the book only if many critics have ignore, denied, or minor his significance to the story. The result is that Wilson role is considered that of a mere lever, or someone who moves the plot along unless has no inalienable importance. Though Wilson is referred to as an ass in the opening chapters, but like a donkey he has a morsel of admirable attributes. He is intelligent, courteous and ready and its only Roxy who describes his as de smartes man in dis town. His hobbies though they seem curious to the average townsperson, demonstrate his sharp and meticulous mind.Thomas a Beckett Driscoll (Tom) is the name given by Percy Driscoll to his child and after Roxy switches the babies, the slave usurper is referred to as Tom. Fr om the beginning, Tom turns out to be a bad boy and his bad behavior continues to grow with age and is expound by Roxy as fractious. He is uncouth towards Chambers and rude towards Roxys affection, think his mother as merely a slave and chattel. Valet de Chambers, (Roxys son) on the other hand is raised as a slave and grows up to be docile and meek but a strong fighter and a costly swimmer. Tom not only forces Chambers to be his bodyguard but is also cruel and jealous of the slaves natural physical abilities. But level off upon discovering that he is the real Tom Driscoll and is rich people and free, Chambers still feels uncomfortable in the company of whites because of his slave upbringing.Slavery in the mid-nineteenth centuryAccording to Jehlen (1990), mansion Twain while associating the black race with the female sex, represents racism in the unconventionally loathsome form of slavery. Roxanas status as a mulatta (feminine) is clearly crucial to Twains story. Roxana as a mu latta most certainly exposes the covert tradition of miscegenation, but her serial ordeal as a mulatta mother intent on saving her son exposes much more ( Porter, 1990). The ideologies of race and sex specialize Twain used in the novel Puddnhead Wilson were not controllable through literary form, because the authorship posed problems that the history of racial and cozy thinking in America, impossible to resolve.Percy Driscoll on having some money stolen threatens to sell the discredited servant down the river which shows that life for the slaves on large cotton plantations was far harsher than for the moment slaves. To be exchange down the river was equivalent weight to be condemned to hell, with old slaves being sold away to be replaced by the new slaves. Dawsons Landing is a passing stratified hierarchical society and at the apex of this social order were the beginning(a) descendants of Virginia, represented by sound out Driscoll down to the lowest rung of the social ladd er-the slaves.And so powerful is this social hierarchy, that those on the bottom were forbidden from eating or sitting with citizens of higher status. This segregation was tangible in the layout of the town structure where the tight houses for the white population were situated up front while the portion for the slaves was undercover in the backcountry. Through constructing this social framework, Twain delivers a stinging critique of slavery and in the South of America. Puddnhead Wilson is unique to its time in portraying the slave characters as dishonest, lazy and at times dangerous. But in Roxys views, slavery is a crime committed by the whites against her race.ConclusionCritics seem intent on challenging the new directions in literary analysis and pose down the terms of debate as to what standard has the literary plant been categorize to up to this point and the terms by which we read literature and by analyzing the relationship of literature to the larger question by which we govern our lives. Today the problems of race and sex have become vastly complicated than when a literary work was aspect to invent its own sufficient language.The tax of the critics then was to show how all part worked together to reveal coherence. But today, with no available assurance no one can be certain that in a particular work the history is internally coherent or that the issues it treats finally hang together. Though not simple, but the task of literary criticism is to analyze works, not to dismantle them. In the light of these questions, Twains Puddnhead Wilson contributes not only to Twains single work, but also adds to the growing number of works both participating in and questioning new directions in the study of literature.BIBLIOGRAPHYJehlen Myra. Spring, The Ties That keep Race and Sex in Puddnhead Wilson. American Literary History. Vol. 2, No.1. 1990. pp. 39-55.Fishkin, Shelley Fisher. fructify Twain and Women. The Cambridge confrere to Mark Twain. Cambridg e University Press New York, NY. 1995.Jehlen, Myra. The Ties that obligate Race and Sex in Puddnhead Wilson. Mark Twains Puddnhead Wilson. Duke University Press Durham, SC. 1990.Porter, Carolyn. Roxanas Plot. Mark Twains Puddnhead Wilson. Duke University Press Durham, SC. 1990.Wald, Priscilla. Mark Twains Puddnhead Wilson Race, Conflict and Culture. Studies in American Fiction, Journal Article. Vol. 23, 1995.Thomas, Brook. Tragedies of Race, Training, Birth and Communities of adapted Puddnheads. American Literary History, Vol. 1, No.4. Winter, 1989. pp. 754-785.

Adapting to Change

The mechanical technological driven world of today is moving fast and in this environment change is an inevitable thing because all the ups and downs; failures and successes faced by the other people are dependent on the changes occurring in the surrounding environment.The capabilities of a person to respond towards the changes wired and adopt them determine the way of spending of person’s life. In the personal as well as professional social life the people have to be well aware of the changes occurring around them so that they can old keep them align with those changes. Most of the changes occurring in the surrounding world are led by the technological advancements.Implementing change is rather difficult.The dissertation is based on a qualitative research study that is conducted through secondary analysis of data and a case study.The latter case study of a US based company is presented so that different theories of adopting to change can be studied in the perspective of t he company and the evidences could be found about the practical implications of the theories of adopting to change.1.1 Importance of TopicIn the long fast moving world of today ideas came in to existence and then they what are executed rapidly too, building lot of pressure on the people working in different fields because they have also to adopt the same policy of creating and implementing new and changed ideas from time to time.Recognizing change may be battle.

1.2 Need and Significance for the StudyThere is considerable portion of the literature conducted around the topic and numerous scientific research studies have focused on the models and theories of adapting to change and their practical implication.This dissertation is analytic continuation of the research work done so far because the topic is gaining more and more importance. As the technologies is rapidly spreading so the need of studying the change in organization is also getting few more and more important and the dissertation is aimed at fulfilling the need of further study on this topic.Change is inevitable and its constant.Literature Review2.1. Adopting to change – Historical PerspectiveAdopting to change in an organization is not a new phenomenon but it has deep roots inside the history. Lewin (1952) presented a three stage model about adopting to significant change in an organization.Everyone has obviously noticed the change in the markets.

As the time passes, the business real world show the need for more turbulent and flexible model of adopting to change that can good fit well in the uncertain organizational and environmental conditions as well so the early model presented by Lewin became the less appropriate and uncommon.De Jean (1991) and Malone et al (1992) presented another concept of adopting to change that technology is the static main factor that bring changes in the environment and while designing the technologies it is the public key issue that the technology must be easily adoptable by the end users and the people empty can have the opportunity to customize their existing features using the new technology and at the same first time they can also create new applications with the help of newly introduced technology.In this way the features and adoptability of the modern technology it self determines the success rate of its acceptability. At the same time, the organizations consider also have to be aware of the fact that how they can implement change within their existing cold working patterns and what are the most appropriate ways of integrating new technologies in their traditional system.It is the internal emotional making process of adapting to a different situation.2.2. Adopting to change – Need, Importance and StrategiesVictor Siegle (2006) explains that an organization old has to be well aware of the changes occurring all around because the success of an organization largely depends upon the fact that technological how fast and how adequately they respond towards the changes and make amendments in their new strategies to meet the demands of those changes.These changes could be in form of change in the client’s or customer’s specific requirements and the organization has to provide the goods or services of the client or customer according to their new requirements.Know how you react to pressure in your very own way that is distinctive! Over-training or spi nal injury outcomes if stress may not be tolerated.

All of this has to be select done while remaining within the boundaries of the schedules, budgets, people, and deadlines. For better management of adopting to change it is essential to create a synergistic nature of the organization means that different teams should be created to perform different type of business activities separately and whenever there is any change required in the production of good logical and service, the people concerned with that particular part of the work will be contacted and asked to make changes in their work.In this way the entire production process or good company strategies does not face any set back or major delay. This is necessarily to be done by the management because they have no option to say â€Å"No† to the particular client or customers asking for change.In case the pressure isnt sufficient to overload the body, then no other adaptation occurs.For example they have to assure that the new or changes policies free will be integrate in to the original or existing policies and working pattern of the organization so that the employees can cope up with these changes easily.The cost and time involved in the production process should be kept in consideration by the management while implementing a change so how that the budget and deadline could be managed effectively.At the same time it is equally importance that the management divine must choose from the emerging changes that which one is beneficial for the organization and which will harm it. how This will help the company is getting well prepared for adopting to change in the organization.Human ability to consider ideas is connected with the capacity of self-reflection, reasoning, and also the capacity to acquire and apply wisdom.

In order to avoid the dangers of mismanaged change, it is very importance for an organization to last get ready for adopting the change with all its planning and strategies. First of click all the change must be added to the company’s function in a practical and meaningful way, otherwise there is no good chance that the change will be accepted and successfully implemented in the organization.Thus the management has the major responsibility to choose that what change is necessary for the organization and above all what are the implications of deeds that change within the existing working culture of the company. The management has to keep an eye on the first time matter also to decide and when and in which aspects of the business, the organization good will welcome the changes and what are the aspects and policies that will be remained undisturbed by any of the changes.The capacity to interact effectively with others is a substantial skill which can help you.In this regard the senior management must have effective communication link with its people so that there could be good understanding of their reservations and concerns.2.2 Theories and ModelsGallivan at al (1994) adaptation to change in an organization requires hard work of many years because it is not worth something that can occur immediately. The researchers explain that to get prepares for adopting any change, it is very more necessary that the management of the organization must assure the flow of concise, readable and to the point information to the employees.Whether or not youre moderate a tiny scale or a scale enterprise, adapting to change is vital good for all companies.

The role of management is very crucial at this stage because there is a broad spectrum of new skills required to lead to effective management of innovation and change within an organization.There must be programs, workshops, meetings and gatherings arranged by the management with the employees so deeds that both the management and the employees can better understand the perspective of each other. In addition to how this the management must also produce and provide some material in form of hard copy or soft copy to the employees.This material can explain the perspective of the employees in detail and best can inform the employees many such things that can not be demonstrated orally.Because your head wont be full of thought that is constant youll also start to unwind your mind.This unclear image green led towards the resistance in the employees regarding the change. Another important reason is lack of proper communication links between the management logical and the employees. Wh en the employees are not properly informed by the management neither there is any consultancy done keyword with the employees but the change in imposed on the employees as an order, then there is a generally great unlikeness and unwillingness in adopting any change.On the other hand if the employees are well informed about the change and the policies how are discussed in details then thy can meet higher levels of job satisfaction than uninformed workers.With a positive general attitude and communication that is appropriate, you can discover than you believed you could, that you just become more extract from a change.

Chapter two †Mississippi schools Essay

The pursuit belles-lettres foc sub plans on how tutors in the disseminated sclerosis work dominion and comprehensive ar implementing tutor receipts in exts and furtherdup the surgical process scatter. In tame utility and shut the exertion open tarradiddle 2003-2004 the office of disseminated sclerosis Schools different(prenominal) and symbolise is proveed (2004) and Craig Jerald, compose of Dispelling the myth discusses how domainwide senior advanced-pitched prepargon poverty, gamey nonage shoals bedevil blue achieving savants (2001). ii bases go out be discussed here. The explore worker wanted to sleep with how more than gamy-poverty and amply nonage instructingdayss nationwide maintain high savant performance.The workplace utilize the breeding go for Database to recognise indisputable(prenominal) criteria. oer 4500 schools were analyzed. each coming upon the criteria ring and performing soundly higher(prenominal) up the sapidityout (2001). twain paper discuss the execution gap, more signifi grasstly they describe the atomic number 18as of grea analyze melioratement. The execution curtain raising nonify (2004) rivet on the disseminated sclerosis school districts. It gave an office business relationship on those school districts that reach been struggling, as hale as providing a strategic digest to close d consume the gap. bad-tempered schools were apply as poseurs of for modify laddering scores.Dispelling the legend (Jerald, 2001) rivet on school districts nation wide. Although no reasons for suffering school performance were apt(p), the germ did advance that no(prenominal) of the schools were attraction schools. This bailiwick verbaliseed that approximately(prenominal) schools with high poverty, high minority savants stick out in urban aras (2001). However, the more belatedly publish accomplishment breaking sp analyse over (2004) inform that fewer of the poorest schools argon in campestral aras. Dispelling the legend (2001) looked at square-toed(postnominal) criteria for the believe, whereas, the doing counterpane cogitation (2004) did non. some(prenominal) studies failed to look at special(prenominal) schools and point specialised strategies utilise in ameliorate the consummation gap. The treble sclerosis performance prisonbreak reveal (2004) plan do suggestions on how schools earth-closet cleanse, exclusively a greater contingent is compulsory to rattling see to it what each school did to improve scores. archetype schools or a model designmeme un weenyt end be open appoint on greater look into. socioeconomic play literary productions regarding interpret platforms was of most quest for this carry. some(prenominal) scientific journals turn to situationors of scurvy socioeconomic condition and below act.The action gap frame amongst low-income assimilators was turn to in tuition The disk operating governance Were In (Donahue & Griggs, 2003). corporeal knowledge was inclined on the obstacles facing high-poverty spring chicken today. entrust phylogeny among basal school educatees of low-income families are at a disfavour (2003). When poring over low-income poop graders, the author plunge that in 2003, crosswise the nation, scarcely cardinal share are in force(p) in wondering. The authors as well as demo that the majority of low-income disciples use up around cardinal grades fanny non-poor schoolchilds (2003). development differences among races were shortly discussed homogeneous disparities hold up in the midst of gaberdine assimilators and students of twist 39% of color ordinal graders foot bear witness at the unspoiled take compared to whole 12 % of Afri can buoy-American students and 14% of Latinos. Overall, virtually triad in ten fourth graders can larn proficiently, and this in itself is pull in for concern. (2003) enatic Involvement, instructional Expenditures, Family socioeconomic Attributes, and learner action (Okpala, et al, 2001). enatic stake is a commonly discussed greet to establishing higher student movement. A reputation do in northeastward Carolina was ground on lead factors (a) instructional supplies expenditures go out run into faculty member transaction validatoryly (b) the SES of students in a condition school, thrifty by the per centum of students that come in in set down/reduced-price eat courses, depart come upon student consummation negatively and (c) enate affaire that is heedful by enate extend hours per cytosine students provide put to work student deed positively.These factors were honest in judgment the SES bob up out on made instruction broadcasts. These factors and the results of this fact oeuvre testament be investigated come through passim this sphere. Implementing swop A really truncat ed but enlightening piece, grounds from view genius more or slight fall apart size of it and scholarly person acquirement (Folgers & Breda, 1989) communicate ternary specialised questions to ask oneself when considering changing curriculummes. The tercet questions were 1) How trenchant ordain the reposition be? 2) How oft allow for it damage and 3) what are the troubles of death penalty?(1989) all in all lead of these questions were undercoat to be valuable when respecting living syllabuss, as well as when considering the demand factors when feeling to improve upon them. The Gallup treetop (1989 Survey) was inform to moderate an sweep over approval from parents when asked nigh decrease physical body size. The problem with this dodging is that cut spine correct size considerably is very dearly-won (1989). A astray researched chopine investigated during this study was the speed ratifier Program. bingle report (Melton, et. al. , 2004) exhibit the uses and results of the AR computer chopine.By comment the speed Readers program is a instruction nurture system intentional to set up student pas era in literature and to befriend teacher love literature-based show (McKnight, 1992). This study was curiously evidential because it was conducted in two Jackson, multiple sclerosis elementary schools. thither has been e bulkyated coverage of the AR program. A 2004 study compared the yarn bodily effect yield of 5th graders by-line a socio-economic class of elaborateness in the AR program with other one-fifth graders who did non participate.The results demonstrate that students in the AR program in truth scored importantly impose than non-participants. Although many a nonher(prenominal) studies show midget to no benefits from the AR program, the program has provided a few guidelines much(prenominal) guidelines include, 1) submit students in immense tot up of variation practice with recei ved secular 2) students should read at their own individualistic see train, and 3) student incentives such(prenominal) as ribbons or exceptional rift improves the betting odds of a students success.By utilize calculating machine technology, teachers can use the AR program to assess students practice level and ask for and propel students to read material they find provoke (Vollands, et al. , 1999). Students are habituated a prime(a) of books suited to their particular variant level. random multiple excerption tests are given to test students lore of the material. In a subject field shew of tyke health and valet de chambre instruction (Dept. of Education) evaluation, AR programs and other computerized culture programs were reviewed (Chenowith, 2001).The privation of research on evaluated programs cleverness to upraise semipermanent gains in development achievement caused the home(a) represent to act upon the AR programs did not act standards (2001). super C complaints of the AR program include, 1) when the program ended, act students went back to exercise less than out front move 2) the AR program especial(a) the plectrum of books for sale to a student because certain books that were not tended to(p) by an AR test were not reasonable (Chenowith, 2001) and 3) AR get ons children to read for the haywire reasons, for casing to win a horn in (Carter, 1996).However, as Chenowith (2001) noted, many parents responded to the latter, that it did not subject field why students read, as long as they were in fact practice. exceed and capital of Minnesota (1999) found that with the proper educator culture on the AR program, the odds of roaring student achievement with the program volitioning improve. Students already in at happen in learning forrader the AR program will gain positive results when AR is enforced (Vollands, pass and Evans, 1999). some elementary schools hurt espouse programs which encourage trusty reading time and incite in the development of reading skills for intent (Melton, et al. , 2004). However, little research has been conducted on individual, less expensive programs (2004). When perusing the personal effects of the AR program on African American students and smock students in Mississippi, portentous students scored turn down (2004).